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Introduction

By now you should have a good understanding of the advantages and challenges faced by plants living on land. The previous tutorial introduced you to the adaptations to terrestrial environments seen generally in plants and specifically in the nonvascular plants. Now you will examine the seedless vascular plants, which in addition to a waxy cuticle and stomata, have a well-developed vascular tissue. This tutorial will also discuss the evolution of seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms), and will cover the nonflowering seed plants, the gymnosperms.

The Learning Objectives for this tutorial are, that by the end of the tutorial you should be able to:

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